What are congenital sequelae often the result of?

Congenital sequelae refer to conditions that result from birth defects or malformations present at birth, often leading to long-term health implications. The correct answer is that they are often the result of prenatal exposure to infections. This is particularly important during critical periods of fetal development when the fetus is most vulnerable. Infections such as rubella, cytomegalovirus, and Zika virus can cross the placental barrier and affect fetal growth and development, leading to a range of congenital anomalies.

While other factors like genetic mutations, poor maternal nutrition, and environmental pollutants can also contribute to congenital problems, prenatal infections directly impact the fetus during crucial developmental windows and can lead to significant health issues immediately after birth or later in life. This distinction is vital because it highlights the need for preventive measures, such as vaccination and screening, during pregnancy to protect against infections that could harm fetal development.