What does real-time PCR primarily detect in environmental samples?

Real-time PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) is a molecular biology technique that allows for the amplification and quantification of specific nucleic acid sequences in real time. This method is particularly effective for detecting viral RNA because it can measure the amount of RNA produced in a sample as the PCR reaction progresses.

In environmental samples, real-time PCR is used to identify and quantify the presence of viruses, especially in water testing and wastewater management. This capability makes it an essential tool for monitoring viral pathogens in various environments. The specific targeting of RNA is significant because many viruses, including those that can affect human health, have RNA genomes. The ability to detect them promptly and accurately is crucial for public health and environmental safety.

The other options, while relevant in their own contexts, do not align with the primary function of real-time PCR. Bacterial DNA detection is often performed using different methods such as traditional PCR or culture techniques. Pathogen proteins are typically analyzed using immunological methods rather than PCR-based methods. Water quality indicators usually involve chemical or physical measurements rather than molecular techniques designed for nucleic acid detection.