What does the fecal coliform test measure?

The fecal coliform test is designed specifically to detect the presence of fecal contamination in water, which serves as an indicator of potential pathogens that can cause illness. This test measures the ability of fecal coliform bacteria, particularly Escherichia coli (E. coli), to ferment lactose and produce gas in a laboratory setting. The gas formation indicates the presence of these bacteria in the sample, which signals that the water may be unsafe for consumption and could harbor disease-causing microorganisms.

The relevance of this test lies in its role as an indicator of water quality and safety, particularly in drinking water, recreational waters, and areas where human or animal waste may pollute water systems. By identifying fecal contamination, environmental health specialists can take necessary actions to protect public health.

The other options focus on aspects that are not what the fecal coliform test is designed to measure, such as beneficial bacteria, overall health of water systems, or mineral content, which are evaluated through different types of tests or assessments. The fecal coliform test is specifically targeted towards confirming contamination levels, making option B the correct choice in this context.