What effect do nitrates have on infant hemoglobin levels?

Nitrates can decrease hemoglobin levels in infants due to the formation of methemoglobin. When infants consume high levels of nitrates—often found in contaminated water or certain foods—these compounds can be converted to nitrites in the body. Nitrites interact with hemoglobin, converting it into methemoglobin, which is less effective at transporting oxygen. This condition, known as methemoglobinemia, can lead to a reduced ability of the blood to carry oxygen, and it is particularly concerning in infants whose hemoglobin levels are already lower and whose physiological systems are still developing.

Infants are especially susceptible to this condition due to their immature gastrointestinal systems and lower levels of specific enzymes that can convert methemoglobin back to its functional form. Thus, the potential for nitrates to decrease hemoglobin levels is a significant public health concern, particularly in areas where drinking water may be contaminated.