What is a common health risk associated with drinking contaminated surface water?

Drinking contaminated surface water poses a significant health risk primarily due to the potential presence of pathogens, such as bacteria, viruses, and parasites, which can lead to waterborne diseases. These illnesses can manifest as gastrointestinal infections, exhibiting symptoms like diarrhea, vomiting, and abdominal pain. Common waterborne diseases include cholera, giardiasis, and cryptosporidiosis. The contamination of surface water can arise from various sources, including runoff from agricultural lands, sewage discharges, and industrial waste, emphasizing the importance of safe water practices.

In contrast, increased hydration levels, allergic reactions, and nutrient deficiencies do not directly relate to the consumption of contaminated surface water. While hydration is essential, it is the quality, not just the quantity, of water that matters for health. Allergic reactions typically result from specific allergens rather than from drinking water unless the water contains a known allergen, which is less common. Nutrient deficiencies are primarily related to inadequate dietary intake rather than water consumption, highlighting the unique risk associated with waterborne pathogens in contaminated sources.