Which pathogens are primarily targeted during water disinfection?

The choice of protozoa and bacteria as the primary pathogens targeted during water disinfection is founded on the significant health risks they pose when contaminated water is consumed. Bacteria, such as Escherichia coli and Salmonella, are common waterborne pathogens responsible for a variety of gastrointestinal illnesses. Protozoa, including Giardia and Cryptosporidium, can be highly resistant to certain disinfection methods and are also known to cause serious health issues.

Water disinfection methods aim to eliminate or inactivate these harmful microorganisms to ensure safe drinking water. Techniques used for disinfection, such as chlorination, ultraviolet light treatment, and ozonation, are specifically focused on effectively targeting these pathogens to reduce the incidence of diseases within populations.

In contrast, while viruses are also significant pathogens related to water quality, they are not included in this option. Fungi, though they can proliferate in certain water conditions, are not primary targets of standard disinfection processes. Algae and diatoms are typically related to water quality rather than human pathogens, and minerals and metals do not classify as biological pathogens that need inactivation or removal through disinfection. This highlights why protozoa and bacteria are correctly identified as the focus of water disinfection efforts.